Koirala Capital | Accounting Blog

Saving for Two

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An employer’s 401(k) plan (or similar retirement plan) can be a good way for people to save for retirement. But what if your or your spouse’s employer doesn’t offer a retirement plan?

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,* 69% of private sector workers have access to a workplace retirement plan. Since most people don’t save for retirement outside of their workplace plans, often only one person in a dual-earner couple is saving. And while you probably want to save enough to maintain your preretirement standard of living, 401(k) plans are designed for individuals, which makes it difficult to save for two.

Plan Design

The specific design of a 401(k) plan is a main deciding factor in how much individuals contribute to their plans. Many plans offer auto-enrollment, where employees, upon eligibility, are automatically enrolled in their workplace retirement plan at a default contribution rate, which usually determines the rate at which employees save in their plans. Another feature in 401(k) plan design that influences contribution rates is the employer match. Employees may contribute at the rate necessary to receive the full employer match and often will increase their contribution amount to that rate, but they won’t go beyond it.

These plan design features are targeted to help individuals save and do not take a spouse into consideration. Therefore, if you have a non-saving spouse, you may need to reevaluate and increase your contribution amount.

Closing the Gap

Incorporating certain features in a 401(k) plan’s design could help employees save more. For example, marital status might be considered when setting default contribution rates. Another plan feature that may help is auto-escalation, or incrementally increasing plan contribution rates automatically over time. As with auto-enrollment, employees have the opportunity to opt out instead of opting in, making it more likely that they’ll just let it ride. Educating employees about the need to save more to cover a non-saving spouse is also important.

However, saving enough for retirement is ultimately an individual responsibility. What can you do to help ensure you’ll be able to retire comfortably? Here are a few tips:

  • Set a savings goal. Your financial professional can help you determine a target amount based on your projected retirement income needs.
  • Consider increasing your plan contribution. Look beyond your employer match to determine your contribution rate. Take advantage of features like auto-escalation while also evaluating how much you can increase your contributions on your own. Remember that although you may have only one retirement plan, your combined incomes may make increasing your contribution rate not only desirable but also affordable.
  • Consider using a traditional or a Roth individual retirement account (IRA) to supplement savings in an employer plan. A married individual may contribute to a spousal IRA even with little or no direct earnings. Keep in mind that specific tax rules apply to different IRAs, so you may want to consult a tax professional before investing.
  • If there’s a significant age gap between you and your spouse, plan for retirement with the younger spouse’s life expectancy in mind. You may have to adjust your asset allocations if you follow age-based guidelines, and you may need to scale back on withdrawals later on since you will likely have a longer combined retirement. On the other hand, if you and your spouse are close in age and are nearing retirement, you may want to consider staggering your retirement dates in order to keep saving in your plan a little longer.

Before taking any action, please consult with your tax and financial professionals.

How Do You Determine How Much to Pay New Hires?

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Small business owners know that high performers seek out jobs that offer them an opportunity to grow and to develop professionally. Benefits are also important to job seekers. However, salary plays a major role in the decision to accept a job offer. Every owner of a small business struggles with the question of how much to pay a new hire.

As a small business owner, you understand that applicable wage and hour laws are an important factor in that decision. But beyond these legally mandated requirements, what else should you look at when trying to figure out a compensation rate that is fair and competitive? Here are some issues that you should review.

Education and Experience Requirements

It’s a given that jobs that require a specialized set of skills, long experience, or extensive educational background will be harder to fill than jobs that require only very general skills. Employees with in-demand skills expect a premium salary. If you find a likely candidate for an important position within your company, you may want to determine what others in your industry and in your location are paying for that type of job before you make that prospective employee an offer. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) website is a good source for information on employment and wage statistics for various occupations throughout the country. BLS data is broken down into occupational types as well as various subcategories within that occupation.

The Nature of Your Industry

Certain industries, such as engineering and health care, typically pay employees more in wages and benefits than other low-paying industries, such as hospitality and retail. However, you may have to consider paying above-market wages and benefits if the job you want to fill is critical to the profitability of your business. That could be particularly necessary if your business is located in a region where the cost of living is higher than the national average.

Supply and Demand Issues

If you are located in a region where labor is plentiful, you may be able to pay the going rate for the workers you need. However, if the talent you need for your business is in short supply, you may have to get into a bidding war with other employers in your region.

The Candidate’s Value to Your Business

Ask yourself: What value will the job candidate bring to your business? How much revenue can you expect the candidate to generate in the first 12 months? What skills do they possess that can help move your business forward? You want to come up with an approximate salary that you can justify, one that aligns with your expectations of the candidate’s potential contributions to your business.

What Does the Job Candidate Expect?

Take the time to understand why a particular candidate is interested in working for your business. During the interview process, try to determine what it is that drives them: more responsibility, a salary increase, or a career path towards management. Their answers can help you formulate an offer that is acceptable to both sides. Clarify what their expectations are in terms of benefits and how important benefits are in their final decision about whom to work for. Many candidates who prioritize working remotely part-time or a solid health insurance package may be willing to take a smaller paycheck in return for the benefits they truly want.

The reality is that finding the right candidate for a critical job at a salary you can live with is tough. Your financial professional can help run some numbers so that you can have a better idea of what you can afford to pay an employee who will be a valuable asset to your organization.

Projects That Add to the Value of Your Home

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You only have to look at the number of home remodeling shows on television to understand just how many people enjoy watching others upgrade their living spaces. These popular home remodeling shows have inspired many people to try their own hands at various remodeling projects.

If you are interested in having work done on your living space or doing it yourself, you should understand that some remodeling and construction projects will enhance the value of your home as well as its appearance. Other remodeling projects may be on your wish list and make you happy but won’t materially affect the value of your home.

What projects will add to the value of your home? According to the “2023 Cost vs. Value Report” conducted by Remodeling, a leading trade publication/platform, the top five renovations that increase — or come close to increasing — home value are as follows:

HVAC Conversion

Switching out your fossil-fuel burning furnace to a more environmentally friendly alternative — an electric heat pump — is an expensive undertaking but easily recoups its cost. Typically, the cost of converting a 2,000-square-foot home to an electric heat pump is estimated to be $17,747, but the report notes that it adds about $18,366 to the home’s resale value — a 103.5% return on the investment.

Garage Door Replacement

A new garage door definitely enhances a home’s curb appeal and easily recoups its initial cost. The report found that removing and disposing a 16- by 7-foot garage door and replacing it with four-section doors with heavy galvanized steel tracks would cost $4,302 on average but would boost the home’s resale value by $4,418, a 102.7% return on investment.

Manufactured Stone Veneer

Stone veneer has grown in popularity amongst homeowners looking to craft a warm and welcoming feel to their homes’ exterior. It costs an estimated $10,925 to install 36 linear feet of sills, 40 linear feet of corners, an address block, and other materials, including water-resistant and corrosion-resistant barriers. However, homeowners will recoup 102.3% of the project’s cost if they put their home on the market.

Replacing an Entry Door

New front doors can help improve a home’s energy efficiency as well as enhance its appearance. Replacing an old entry door with a new steel one will cost an average of $2,214 but will increase your home’s resale value by $2,235, recouping 102.9% of its original cost.

Replacing Siding

Replacing a home’s siding is an expensive undertaking, but it is one project that delivers immediate eye appeal. New siding refreshes a house’s appearance and adds to the neighborhood’s overall desirability. The report looked at the costs of installing both fiber-cement siding and vinyl siding. It found that the average cost of installing 1,250 square feet with fiber-cement siding would run a homeowner $19,361. The homeowner would expect to recoup 88.5% of the cost of the project, or $17,129. Installing new vinyl siding would be less costly than fiber-cement siding. Siding for a 1,250-square-foot house would cost an estimated $16,348, and the homeowner could expect to get back around 94.7% of that total cost at resale.

Be aware that labor costs vary from state to state and from community to community. The cost of materials fluctuates, sometimes considerably, depending on inflation, supply chain issues, and other economic and political forces.

The Benefits of Laddering for an Income Investor

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If you are investing in bonds for income, you most likely want to minimize any risk of loss to your portfolio. Since no investment is entirely risk free, you need to understand where the risks with bonds lie. One risk is the possibility that the issuer won’t pay the interest or repay the principal at maturity. There’s also reinvestment risk, or the risk that your bonds will mature while interest rates are falling. When that happens and you buy new bonds with a lower interest rate, you reduce the income stream that you are depending on.

Laddering is a strategy that minimizes the risk of being locked in at a single interest rate and provides added liquidity to your portfolio. It involves buying a series of bonds (perhaps from different issuers) with a range of maturities. The staggered maturities of the “laddered” bonds can reduce the likelihood of you dealing with reinvestment shock if interest rates happen to be lower when some of your bonds mature. Creating a laddered portfolio can help even out volatility in your income stream while allowing you to estimate how much your portfolio will yield from year to year.

Another benefit of a diverse,* laddered portfolio of bonds is that it can reduce your exposure to default risk. The default of one issuer in a portfolio that holds bonds from multiple issuers is less damaging than it would be in a portfolio concentrated in bonds from just one or two issuers.

The Mechanics of Laddering

As an example, assume that you divide up your portfolio by buying equal dollar amounts of bonds with two-, four-, six-, eight-, and 10-year maturities. So, the average maturity in your portfolio is six years. As each bond matures, you replace that bond with one equal to the longest maturity in your portfolio. For example, when your two-year bond matures, replace it with a 10-year bond. The 10-year bond you initially purchased now has eight years until it matures. And the eight-year bond has six years to maturity and so on. Despite these changes, the average weighted maturity of your portfolio does not change — it remains at six years.

When interest rates fall, your laddered portfolio protects you since the longer maturity bonds at the top of the ladder are still paying above-market rates. And when interest rates start climbing, you reinvest maturing bonds at the bottom of the ladder in higher yielding, longer maturity bonds.

You can also use laddering as a strategy if you are investing in certificates of deposit (CDs) for income. The principle is the same except you are buying bank-issued CDs instead of bonds.

As an income investor, ensuring a steady, predictable stream of income is critically important. Your investment professional can help you determine if laddering bonds or CDs is a smart strategy for achieving your goals.

Beyond Tax Season: Creating Revenue Stability Year-Round

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For many businesses, especially those in the tax preparation industry, revenue can be heavily skewed towards the first few months of the year. The intense demand during tax season can create a boom-bust cycle, making it challenging to maintain stable income throughout the year. However, there are strategies that can help create revenue stability year-round, ensuring a more predictable and sustainable financial outlook.

Diversify Your Service Offerings

One of the most effective ways to stabilize revenue is to diversify your services. While tax preparation is seasonal, offering services like bookkeeping, financial planning, and consulting can create consistent revenue streams. These services are needed year-round and can attract a broader client base, providing additional income even outside of tax season.

Implement Monthly Retainers

Encouraging clients to sign up for monthly retainers can provide a steady income. Retainers ensure that clients receive continuous support and advice throughout the year, not just during tax season. This model benefits both the business and the clients, as it fosters a long-term relationship and provides ongoing financial guidance.

Expand Into New Markets

Exploring new markets or niches can also help smooth out revenue fluctuations. For example, consider offering specialized tax services for specific industries, such as healthcare or real estate. By tailoring your services to meet the unique needs of different sectors, you can attract new clients and generate additional income streams.

Leverage Technology

Utilizing technology to offer virtual services can significantly expand your reach. Many clients prefer the convenience of online consultations and services, which can be provided regardless of geographical location. Additionally, offering educational webinars or online courses on tax-related topics can create passive income streams.

Focus on Client Retention

Maintaining a loyal client base is crucial for long-term revenue stability. Providing exceptional customer service, regular check-ins, and value-added services can enhance client satisfaction and retention. Satisfied clients are more likely to refer others to your business, creating a steady flow of new clients throughout the year.

Plan for the Off-Season

Effective financial planning is key to managing the seasonal nature of tax preparation. Setting aside a portion of the high-season revenue to cover expenses during the slower months can help maintain financial stability. Budgeting and forecasting can ensure that your business remains financially healthy year-round.

Market Consistently

Consistent marketing efforts are essential to keep your business top-of-mind for potential clients. Even outside of tax season, regular communication through newsletters, social media, and other channels can keep your audience engaged and informed about your services.

Offer Year-Round Tax Services

Promoting services like tax planning, audit support, and amended returns can generate business throughout the year. These services address ongoing needs and can provide continuous revenue streams, reducing reliance on the peak tax season.

Creating revenue stability year-round requires a strategic approach and a willingness to adapt. By diversifying services, implementing monthly retainers, expanding into new markets, leveraging technology, focusing on client retention, planning for the off-season, marketing consistently, and offering year-round tax services, businesses can achieve a more predictable and sustainable income. Moving beyond the limitations of tax season can lead to growth, stability, and long-term success.

What’s the Value of Your Business?

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Like most business owners, you have probably invested a lot of energy into growing your business. And like other business owners, you probably hope to exit your business at some point in the future with enough money to ensure your financial security. When the time comes to sell your business, you’ll have to determine its fair market value (FMV) to ensure you’ll receive a fair price. Since it is a difficult undertaking to assess fair market value, the assistance of an appraiser who specializes in business valuations is crucial.

Different Approaches

Business valuation professionals will typically use a variety of approaches to determine the value of a business.

An asset-based approach basically looks at a company’s balance sheet. If the valuation is based on a going concern, the company’s assets (net of depreciation) are listed and its liabilities are then subtracted. Generally, the resulting “book value” is adjusted to reflect the current market value of the company’s assets.

Earnings-based approaches assume that a business’s true value lies in its future wealth-producing abilities. One common approach involves capitalizing past earnings using a rate of return that a reasonable buyer would expect on the investment.

Market-based approaches attempt to establish the value of a business by comparing it to similar businesses that have recently sold. This approach works well for most businesses except sole proprietorships, since finding public information on prior sales of like businesses is difficult.

IRS Approach to Valuing a Business

It also may be helpful to look at the factors the IRS considers when determining the value of a business for tax resolution purposes. The IRS typically weighs the following factors when attempting to compute the fair value of a business:

  • The nature of the business and the history of the company
  • The future prospects of the economy at large and the business’s industry in particular
  • Book value and overall financial health
  • Earning capacity of the company
  • Dividend-paying capacity
  • Goodwill or other intangible value
  • Sales of the stock and the size of the block of stock to be valued,/p>
  • The market price of stocks of corporations engaged in the same or a similar line of business.

Timing of the Valuation Is Important

As a business owner, it makes sense to have your business valued long before you intend to sell it. Why? If it transpires that your business’s valuation is lower than you assumed, you will have sufficient time to implement various changes in your business that can drive up its value.